An 8-month-old baby has been referred to you by the Accident and Emergency Department with the first episode of febrile convulsion.
He has been coryzal over the last couple of days with temperature spikes up to 38C.
The episode lasted for five minutes; the baby felt hot then, and following recovery, he remained well.
Bottom line
Febrile seizures are benign.
They typically occur in children six months – 6 years, and they can be either simple or complex (duration > 15 minutes, multiple seizures over a 24-hour period, focal neurology).
The risk of recurrence is 30%
The risk of developing epilepsy following a simple febrile seizure is low but significantly higher with complex febrile convulsions.
There is no evidence for the use of regular antipyretics to prevent recurrence during an acute febrile episode.
Part of the management is parental education on managing future episodes at home and recognising signs that the child needs urgent medical attention.
What is a febrile convulsion?
A febrile convulsion is a seizure associated with fever (at least 38C) without central nervous system infection or any electrolyte imbalance in a young child. By definition, febrile seizures occur in children between 6 months and 6 years of age. The median age of onset is 18 months, and half of the children are between 12 and 30 months old.
What are the features of a febrile convulsion?
The most common type of febrile seizure (75%) is a simple febrile seizure. It is usually a brief, generalized tonic-clonic seizure that occurs with the onset of a rising temperature. In 87% of children, the febrile seizure lasts less than 10 minutes.
A complex febrile seizure is defined by at least one of the following criteria:
Duration of the seizure longer than 15 minutes
Multiple seizures within the last 24 hours
Presence of focal seizures
Febrile status epilepticus (> 30 minutes duration) occurs in only 5% of the paediatric population.
What causes febrile convulsions?
The hypothalamus is responsible for homeostatic core temperature regulation. It is still developing in a young child, so it is more susceptible to rapid rises in body temperature. A febrile seizure represents the meeting point of a lower threshold for seizures and a trigger—the fever.
Mutations in sodium ion channel genes and neurotransmitter genes (e.g. gamma-aminobutyric acid) have been identified in children with febrile seizures. These findings suggest the hypothesis of neuronal hyperexcitability to certain triggers.
Fever is the main trigger for febrile seizures. Viral infections are the main cause of fever. HHV-6 in roseola accounts for 20% of the cases presenting with the first episode of simple febrile seizures
What often do febrile convulsions recur?
This is a commonly asked question by the parents. 30% of the children with a first episode of febrile convulsion will have a recurrence in the future. The following are risk factors associated with a higher risk of recurrence:
- Onset before the 18 months
- Shorter duration of fever (<1 hour) before the onset of the seizure
- Lower temperature close to 38oC
- Family history of febrile seizures
Will children who have febrile convulsions develop epilepsy?
The vast majority of children presenting with febrile convulsions do not develop epilepsy.
The following are risk factors for developing afebrile seizures:
- Complex febrile seizures
- Presence of neurodevelopmental abnormality
- Family history of epilepsy
- Prolonged febrile seizures
Children with no risk factors have a 2.4% risk of developing afebrile seizures by the age of 25 compared with 1.4% per cent for the general paediatric population. The risk is increased to 49% when all three component features of complex febrile convulsions are present.
What tests do we need to do in a child who has had a febrile convulsion?
The investigations done on a child with a fever should be directed by the severity of the illness and the suspected underlying condition.
For a child presenting with a simple febrile seizure and who is otherwise well, a careful history and systems examination should reveal the cause. A urine sample should be obtained to rule out urinary tract infections. Routine blood tests in children with simple febrile seizures are not recommended.
Consider the following tests in cases with diagnostic uncertainty or when the child appears to be unwell:
- Blood testing for FBC, urea and electrolytes and CRP
- CXR to look for evidence of chest infection
- Lumbar puncture: if not contraindicated, it should be performed as soon as possible when meningitis or encephalitis is suspected
- Neuroimaging when focal neurology is present
Antibiotic treatment should be given accordingly when there is evidence of bacterial infection. When meningitis/encephalitis is suspected admission to the hospital is required for immediate commencement on intravenous antibiotics (ceftriaxone +/- acyclovir).
Addendum (November 2021): With COVID-19 fluttering around the world, it is worth considering whether it could cause the seizure. Think about protecting yourself and colleagues from the aerosol-spread nasties.
What advice should be given to parents?
The seizures are benign.
There is a 30% chance of them recurring.
There is little evidence behind using antipyretic agents solely to keep temperature down or to prevent future episodes
The management of future episodes (placing the child in the lateral position, avoiding forcing anything into the child’s mouth, ringing an emergency ambulance if a seizure lasts for >5 minutes)
An explanation of signs and symptoms that would imply that the child is unwell (dehydration, petechial spots)
References
Lynette G Saddleir, Ingrid E Scheffer. Febrile seizures. BMJ 2007;334:307-311
Febrile Seizures, NICE Clinical Knowledge Summaries 2008
As a GP reading this excellent article while the COVID-19 pandemic rages around the globe , I believe you should now screen any febrile coryzal child for this virus ( history , pcr swab etc), and protect all staff & patients in the vicinity with appropriate infection control . I suggest this point needs to be added to your article .
Good suggestion, Sally.
Will do
Andy
Nice article and discussion. I stumbled upon a 2016 review article by Feng and Chen looking at pathophysiological markers of inflammation associated with a raised risk for Mesial Temporal Sclerosis and subsequent Temporal Lobe Epilepsy (TLE) in connection with the “complex” febrile seizure defined here by Dr Konstantinidis. About a third to almost a half of rats experiencing prolonged febrile seizures went on to develop TLE (pp. 7-8). Coupled with their quote from the 1985 BMJ article by Verity, suggesting 1 in 3 febrile seizures fit the definition for “complex” (p. 2), suggests this is not an entirely benign process. They note that “pre- and post-synaptic functions undergo long-term changes after complex FSs” (p. 8). Of course any event, large or small, will have some impact and, equally, of course, humans are not rats and the mechanism of heat transfer in experimentally-induced modelling further confounds interpretation (pp. 15-16). The question remains of the clinical significance of this impact, in the rough and tumble of daily life, of how to frame the response to the parent’s question about the ultimate effect of the fit and the risk of recurrence in a way that neither undermines the impact nor overdramatises the already unfolding melodrama for both child and parent. Our obligation is to both keep it right and keep it real. And that is our art, to do both at once. [Feng B, Chen Z. Generation of Febrile Seizures and Subsequent Epileptogenesis. Neurosci Bull. 2016;32(5):481-92.]
Thank you very much for your reply. It is generally believed that febrile seizures are seizures accompanied by high temperature. It is true that there is lack of evidence suggesting a certain timing of the seizures in relation to the rate of temperature. There is substantial evidence indicating that the height of temperature plays a key role in eliciting seizures. As an accompanying feature, seizures may occur around the time of the temperature, despite the fact that the history that we often get from parents suggests an increasingly high temperature at the time of the seizure.
Furthermore, febrile seizures are generally thought to be benign in nature as long as they are not associated with other worrying features. Duration of the seizure for more than 10 minutes is a feature that defines status. A patient ,presenting in such a way, will be treated in a way beyond the spectrum of a benign febrile convulsion. I am also not entirely sure, what the risk of a prolonged febrile seizures is increased with other co-morbidities such as underlying epilepsy, structural brain abnormalities, cerebral palsy etc.
I’m not sure the statement that febrile seizures occur “with the onset of a rising temperature” is supported by the literature.
According to Saddlier et al. “No evidence exists that febrile seizures are more likely to occur with the maximal rate of temperature rise, although this is often quoted. Febrile seizures may occur before the fever is apparent and early or late in the course of a febrile illness.”
I also think the generalization “Febrile seizures are benign in nature” is a dangerous one. While it is generally true, a small percentage of febrile seizures are status (5%) and these status seizures can indeed be quite dangerous. Quoting again from Saddleir et al.:
Febrile status epilepticus (>30 minutes’ duration) occurs in 5% children and is more likely to have focal features. A prolonged febrile seizure is a risk factor for further prolonged attacks.
Nice post.
I would disagree with the need to “always” perform a urine sample, though…
Hi thank you for your comment. A urine dipstick is obviously not needed when a child has a clear focus e.g lower respiratory tract infection. it can be useful as very often ,the presentation involves non specific symptoms such as lethargy , reduced feeding , ” being off colour ” . It also depends on the level of experience of the person who examines the child to determine the certainty for a certain focus of fever on a child who presents with such symptoms.