| Syndrome | Genetic Abnormality | Facies/body habitus | Medical | Image |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Edwards | Trisomy 18 | Microcephaly; micrognathia; cleft lip/palate; upturned nose; palpebral fissures; ocular hypertelorism; underdeveloped thumbs and nails; rocker bottom feet. | Kidney malformations; VSD/ASD; omphalocele; oesophageal atresia; developmental delay; arthrogryposis; choroid plexus cysts; seizures. |  |
| Down | 21 - non-disjunction causing trisomy 21; or Robertsonian translocation (14;21) | Epicanthic folds; flat nasal bridge; protruding tongue; Brushfield spots; increased space between 1st and 2nd toes; single palmar crease; short stature; low set ears; brachycephaly. | Developmental delay; hypotonia; ASD/VSD; ALL; hypothyroidism; Hirschprung's; infertility; otitis media with effusion; atlanto-axial subluxation. |  |
| Di George | 22q11 deletion | Hypertelorism; hooded eyelids; small ears and squared upper ear; small mouth, chin and side areas of tip of nose. | Hypoplastic thymus; T cell deficiency; hypocalcaemia; hypoparathyroidism; learning disability; CHD (tetralogy of Fallot and conotruncal malformations); cleft palate; hearing loss. |  |
| Crouzon | 1st branchial arch | Cranio-facial anomalies; low set ears; cranial synostosis; brachycephaly; exophthalmos; ocular hypertelorism; psittichorhina (beak-like nose); hypoplastic maxilla. | Shorter humerus and femur; Meniere's disease; strabismus; acanthosis nigricans. |  |
| Cri du chat | 5p deletion | Small head and jaw; wide eyes; skin tags in front of eyes; round face with full cheeks; hypertelorism; epicanthal folds; down-slanting palpebral fissues; flat nasal bridge; down-turned mouth; micrognathia; low-set ears; short fingers; single palmar creases. | Feeding problems; high-pitched cry; poor growth; severe developmental delay; cardiac defects (VSD/ASD/PDA). |  |
| Cornelia de Lange | Cohesin complex, CDLS1, CDLS2, CDLS 3 | Microcephaly; long eyelashes; long philtrum; synophrys (joined eyebrows); small, wide-spaced teeth; curved 5th finger; excessive body hair. | Low birth weight; developmental delay; nystagmus; GORD; seizures; CHD; cleft palate; hypoplastic genitalia. |  |
| Cockayne | ERCC8, ERCC6 | Microcephaly; short stature; sunken eyes; look aged. | Premature aging; sensitivity to sunlight; xeroderma pigmentosum; contractures; dental caries; retinopathy; micropenis; tremors; basal ganglia calcifications; hypertension. |  |
| Bardet-Beidl (Laurence-Moon-Biedl) | BBS genes in the basal body and cilia | Truncal obesity; polydactyly; normal facies. | Retinitis pigmentosa; hypogonadism; renal failure; diabetes insipidus;diabetes mellitus; Hirschprung; anosmia |  |
| Angelman | 15 maternal imprinting | Developmental delay (severe); often non-verbal; ataxia; frequent laughter/smiling; hand-flapping movements; short attention span; microcephaly; seizures. | Developmental delay (severe); often non-verbal; ataxia; frequent laughter/smiling; hand-flapping movenets; short attention span; microcephaly; seizures. |  |
| Alagille | Jagged1 or Notch 2 mutation | Prominent forehead; deep set eyes; moderate hypertelorism; small pointed chin; saddly nose; traingular facies. | Butterfly vertebrae; biliary ducts narrow and malformed; peripheral pulmonary artery stenosis; Tetralogy of Fallot; ocular abnormalities; stroke/intracranial bleeding; dysplastic kidneys | |
| Wolf-Hirschhorn | 4 deletion | Microcephaly; ocular hypertelorism; downturned mouth; short upper lip; short philtrum; micrognathia; prominent glabella; dysplastic ears; preauricular skin tags. | Developmental delay; cleft lip/palate; hearing impairment; seizures; hypotonia; congenital heart defects; antibody deficiencies. | |
| Williams | 7 deletion | Small, upturned nose; wide mouth; full lips; small chin; widely spaced teeth; long philtrum. | Developmental delay; supravalvular aortic stenosis; hypercalcaemia; low birth weight; poor growth; hypotonia; outgoing personality. |  |
| Turner | X0 or mosaicism | Short stature; wide carrying angle; short, webbed neck; low hairline on neck; wide-spaced nipples; small lower jaw. | Lymphoedema; coarctation of the aorta; horseshoe kidney; infertility; amenorrhoea. |  |
| Rubinstein-Taybi | CREBP gene | Broad thumbs and big toes; downward slanting palpebral fissures; columella extending below the nares; talon cusps; grimacing smile; microcephaly; small mouth; high arched palate. | Developmental delay; cryptorchidism; feeding difficulties; dental poblems; undescended testes; keloid scarring; increased risk with anaesthesia. |  |
| Russell Silver | 7 and 11 | Small, triangular face; prominent forehead; narrow chin; small jaw; down-curbing corners of the mouth. | Low birth weight FTT; clinodactyly; uneven limb growth; developmental delay. |  |
| Prader-Willi | 15 (paternal) imprinting or deletion | Prominent nasal bridge; almond-shaped eyes; thin upper lip; short stature; obesity; small hands and feet; | Hyperphagia; hypotonia; developmental delay; sleep apnoea; scoliosis; hypogonadism. |  |
| Piere-Robin | 2, 11 or 17. | Cleft palate; micrognathia; glossoptosis. | Feeding difficulty; noisy breathing; GORD. |  |
| Patau | Trisomy 13 | Microcephaly; microphthalmia; polydactyly; low set ears; overlapping fingers. | Developmental delay; holoprosencephaly; cataract; optic nerve hypoplasia; omphalocele; cleft palate; cutis aplasia; kidney anomalies; VSD. |  |
| Noonan | Linked to several genes (PTPN11, RAF1, SOS1, KRAS, NRAS, BRAF) | Short stature; low hairline at the back of the neck; high hairline at the front of the head; excess skin at the back of the neck; broad forehead; ocular hypertelorism; epicanthic folds; proptosis; small, upturned nose; low set ears; deep philtrum. | Pulmonary valve stenosis; hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; pectus excavatum or carinatum; joint hyperextensiblity; cryptorchidism; development delay; clotting disorders; Arnold-Chiari malformation. |  |
| Klinefelter | XXY | Normal facies; tall stature; gynaecomastia; less body hair; broader hips. | Osteoporosis, autoimmune disorders, infertile, weaker muscle strength, gynaecomastia, higher risk of breast cancer. |  |
| Goldenhar | Unknown | Incomplete development of ear, nose, lip and jaw. | Scoliosis; hearing loss. | |
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