You’ve just treated a 5-year-old with their second episode of wheeze this year. They’ve had burst therapy and are now one hour post-treatment with no work of breathing, scattered wheeze on auscultation and oxygen saturations of 95%. You contemplate giving them steroids and decide against it.
Authors warning – this is not a full critique of the papers referenced below. I hope to nudge readers to start questioning a standard practice in paediatrics…
You think that you could probably send them home in another hour or so, but your hospital guideline stretches these children to needing inhalers every four hours before discharge. You think that you might have to admit them as your Emergency Department-mandated attention span of four hours will be breached.
The paediatric team agrees they need admission ‘to stretch’ but will send them home at three hours. The paediatric consultant suddenly comes along and discharges them (one-hour post burst therapy), quoting a recent paper. You are very confused…
What is the current guidance?
This scenario likely plays out to varying degrees daily in paediatric healthcare.
The recent BTS/SIGN ‘British guideline on the management of asthma’ (July 2019) (page 111) states that ‘…children can be discharged home at 3-4 hourly inhalers’. The Australian Asthma Handbook (AAH) states, ‘…observe the patient for at least four hours’. This is (anecdotally) a mainstay of treatment practice in Australia, the USA, the UK and probably many other countries. BTS/SIGN references a paper for their recommendation, whereas the AAH states it ‘…based on clinical experience and expert opinion’.
So, what is the titanic study based on discharge at 4 hours post inhaler use? Well, BTS/SIGN quotes this paper. This was a randomised control study (so far, so good…) from 1999, used on 63 patients with asthma >18 months of age.
Based on a parental phone questionnaire two weeks post-discharge, they concluded children could be safely discharged home on three hourly nebulisers. I do not mean to belittle this study, as it was likely groundbreaking at the time and showed a novel approach. However, it was 20 years ago and is the only* study in the literature up to 2018. The study patients were discharged on nebulisers, and the length of stay had 95% confidence intervals between 42 and 67 hours. As any modern 21st-century paediatrician will tell you (and will be noted later), the average length of stay is rarely around these dizzy heights anymore.
But what does 3-4 hourly mean? Is it once a patient reaches three hours or four hours from their last inhaler for the first time? Is it reaching three hours or four hours twice between inhalers? Well, that’s where confusion reigns supreme.
At a recent UK conference, #PIER19, I conducted a survey that showed the following
Most said they send a child home when they reach four hourly inhalers for the first time, for which there is no evidence in the literature, but some said they wait twice for three or four hours (I personally call these the six—or eight-hour stretches…).
So why are some hospitals doing three hourly inhalers twice before discharge?
The most recent study is from 2018, when the Texas Children’s Hospital started a large quality improvement project in 2013, including discharging children on three-hour inhalers. Multiple interventions were used, including a streamlined care pathway, education, dexamethasone instead of prednisolone, a QI multidisciplinary team approach, and a detailed analysis of patient care.
I will not critique the study in its entirety. It suffices to say that the study showed no adverse outcomes and a shorter average length of stay (30 hours post-intervention vs 36 hours pre). This was coupled with many other interventions over the study period but was felt not to have had as large an impact as three hourly inhalers. How applicable this is to the ’real world’ is debatable, but the study is highly admirable as it’s only* the second prospective study in the literature for 20 years.
*There is a third study from 2003, but it’s retrospective and largely theoretical, so I have not dwelt upon it here.
Is one hour enough?
So, what about sending them home one hour post-therapy? This comes from a very recent study, which was a retrospective analysis of patients presenting to a major specialist children’s hospital in Australia over two weeks in the winter of 2014 compared with the winter of 2015. Between these winters, the hospital admission criteria were changed to an admission decision on medical review one hour post-initial therapy. This is based on studies (here and here) suggesting that the patient’s condition at one hour post-therapy highly predicts the need for admission/further therapy.
They looked at 105 patients (2014) vs 92 patients (2015). They showed that children who were ‘clinically well’ at one hour were likelier not to be admitted in 2015 vs 2014 (10% vs 40% p=0.001) and went home from ED faster in 2015 vs 2014. They also showed that any child with moderate symptoms (per new guidelines) was admitted each year at one hour post-therapy. This is a small study that was conducted over two weeks only and was based at a specialist children’s hospital with 75,000 ED attendances a year. How applicable this practice would be at a smaller hospital with just a few (or no) paediatricians is impossible to say.
Bottom line
The most recent published study with discharge at one hour post initial therapy supports what I, and others, probably already do (or we wish we had the courage to) when a child is so well after initial treatment – they are sent home. Is this confirming clinical gestalt?
As for discharging a patient home at 2, 3, 4, 6 or 8-hour inhalers (and whether that’s the first or second time round) – well I will leave that to you.
This author started a local quality improvement project around three hours (first time) and was discharged home. I just won’t be able to critique it here if it ever gets published…
Hope this helps.
‘3 is the new 4’ 😄
https://adc.bmj.com/content/106/Suppl_1/A24.1.abstract
Hey Patrick, great article! Do you know of any evidence behind “burst therapy” and if used (10 puffs Salbutamol every 30 minutes three times) whether it is realistic to “start the clock” after it, to determine at 1 hour (or 3 hours) likely admission v discharge? Another example of clinical gestalt in a vacuum of evidence? The context is the feasibility of “turning round” children with mild to moderate wheeze within a four hour (A&E) length of stay.
Or is the salbutamol just driving a V/Q mismatch…the proverbial dog chasing its tail?
Just been discussing with my nursing staff who have been “stretching” children admitted to the ward with VIW, despite O2 requirement. They are, not unreasonably, doing this because they can’t hear a wheeze, but my argument is that the 02 requirement still represents bronchospasm and these children should remain on 2-3hourly max, or have a review. (definite wheeze and salbutamol responsive on admission).
Interested in community opinion on this.
If a child doesn’t have bronchoconstriction, they don’t need ventolin. Weaning plans should be questioned too!
From Patrick:-
Well, that caused a stir with 2000+ viewings to date. Thanks for all the comments via DFTB, FB, Twitter et al.
With regards to salbutamol dose, 10puffs is our standardised dose whilst being treated in hospital and will be at many other sites.
Weaning plans are another controversial topic for which there is little/no evidence and variance is noted across the world. Below is what I’m used to from my practice in the UK & Australia.
UK – 10 puffs 4hr Day 1, 8 puffs 4hr Day 2, 6 puffs 4hrly Day 3.
Australia – 10 puffs 4hr Day 1, 10 puffs 6hr Day 2, 10 puffs 8 hr Day 3.
Is either better than the other? This is an evidence void but my personal viewpoint is that the ‘Aussie’ one is easier to explain and for parents to remember.
However, there is clear evidence in the literature of the benefit of action/discharge plans for these patients and this should be a key part of your discharge process whether you’re sending them home at 1-4 hours.
Excellent quick review with discussion of frequency but no mention of dose, does it make any difference whether it’s 10 puffs hourly or 2 puffs or 4? How much salbutamol does the patient need to make the interval?
Nailed it. Very useful for acute DGH Paediatrics! Can you please cover “weaning protocol”, I’ve seen so much variation and bizarre practice that I try to keep it simple for parents and just say 4hrly 10 puffs for next 2 days then step down to as needed…
I have two sons who have “viral induced wheeze”
I’ve had drs and nurses who don’t seem to know enough. We’ve sat in A&E for 6 hours minimum when I’ve already brought the bag in for a stay.
Both my sons have been in for 2-5 days at a time regularly. Starting on two or three nebulisers and oxygen. On the odd occasion requiring an injection/drip. Can’t remember the name of that tbh.
I’ve had one set of young paramedics turn up, put on the monitor while my son was lying asleep and seeing a very low reading. Wake him up, sit him up and his reading went above 90 so was happy to leave the 2 year old at home as he was “CLINICALLY OK” I told them he was going to hospital! They took us begrudgingly and were complaining to A&E staff when we got there.
I think better training is required for a few people.
He was kept in for a few days that episode.
The one time when I left early while in A&E, after already having words with a member of staff who’d gave our son a Neb, but didn’t do his obs until I went to the door and interrupted them asking why he hadn’t said she was coming to do them.. that was over an hour easily.
(I’ve been there enough times to know they get a neb, then have their oxygen level taken to make sure it was enough. I’ve seen my sons get two or three nebs one a row as well as the oxygen mask) anyway, the reason I chased her up is that he was clearly still working very hard to breathe!
I had to leave to go to a very important meeting that I’d already had to cancel once previously due to a hospital admittance for my son (so didn’t feel I would be believed if I had to cancel it again)
I left my partner there with him. I’d no sooner got back and in the middle of the meeting felt my phone buzz in my pocket.
They were happy for him to go home!!
I was shocked but went back and picked them up ASAP. We got home and I discussed how they obviously hadn’t waited for four hours but maybe two and couldn’t understand their logic.
We were back in that night for a few days.
I was angry because the reason we’d took him in the first place was that he wasn’t going 4 hours between inhalers. We’ve had enough experience that I know the signs, and I know how it goes.
Don’t trivialise Asthma!
I give them their daily meds.
One has managed on 3 puffs on his brown Preventer, morning and night
The other is on 4mg Montelukast every night.
I DONT want to go to hospital. If we do go, that is because we NEED to go and I’m worried about my children’s health!
Not for a holiday.
Not for fun.
But to make sure my son is in the best place with help if and when he needs it.
Ps the amount of times I’ve heard a Dr with a smile tell us that we’d probably be going home soon after his first nebuliser and his stats looking great is amazing.
The same dr with a confused look on his face an hour or so later.
Sometimes it just comes across as though people want to go to work so they can just chit chat and sit around. Or that the kids don’t matter cos it’s not their kids.
Sorry for the rant, but I’ve been there too many times to ignore this post.
Excellent article, thanks. Really useful for our DGH where we have to send to a second site if need admission
Awesome article, thanks for posting it!
We need to keep sight of why we’re keeping these kids in hospital anyway, as much as the intricacies of our weaning regimes — are we worried they will deteriorate, or do we think their parents are unable to administer inhaler via spacer every X hours? I think those are two distinct groups, and lumping them together makes it more difficult to critique our thought processes.
Someone has probably looked at criteria on admission that are predictive of deterioration. I doubt “well-looking child with good response to inhaler” is one of them, but obviously there needs to be some evidence in this area.
If we’re admitting them just to give inhalers every 2hrs then 3hrs then 4hrs, then I’d suggest we discuss with the parents this being done at home.
Great article. What is begging for answers also is the interval for the reducing dose regimen.