Paediatricians often have to make a decision about whether to go ahead and give antibiotics for suspected meningitis or wait for a lumbar puncture (LP) – this could be due to parental refusal, an unstable patient, or a failed attempt.
There is often a discussion about repeating the LP later that day or the following day. We all know that having had antibiotics might affect the CSF. But what effect does it actually have?
Here, I summarise three key papers looking at this very question – do antibiotics affect cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) results in bacterial meningitis?
Who were the patients?
Patients were adults from a large UK district hospital and were identified retrospectively through a coding diagnosis of meningitis.
How was bacterial meningitis defined for inclusion criteria?
Patients had to have clinical features consistent with meningitis and had to have had a lumbar puncture with a cell count of >4 cells/ml.
How many patients were included?
They had 92 patients included in the study. All had been diagnosed with meningitis and had an LP with >4 cells/ml. They all received antibiotics prior to the LP.
What did they find?
What they concluded from the analysis was that once antibiotics have been started, an LP within 4 hours of antibiotic administration is still likely to be culture positive. After the 4-hour mark, the proportion of positive CSF cultures dwindled.
Kanegaye JT, Soliemanzadeh P, Bradley JS. Lumbar puncture in pediatric bacterial meningitis: defining the time interval for recovery of cerebrospinal fluid pathogens after parenteral antibiotic pretreatment. Pediatrics. 2001 Nov;108(5):1169-74.
Who were the patients?
The cohort was drawn from all patients discharged from San Diego Children’s Hospital during a four year period. The patient group was identified by a coding diagnosis of bacterial or suspected bacterial meningitis.
How was bacterial meningitis defined for inclusion criteria?
CSF culture positive with bacteria; CSF WCC >10/mm3 + CSF antigen or Gram stain positive; CSF WCC >100/mm3 + blood culture positive; or CSF WCC >4000/mm3 without positive cultures.
How many patients were included?
There were 128 patients included. 43% had an LP both pre- and post-antibiotics, 30% had antibiotics prior to LP, and 27% had LP prior to antibiotics.
What did they find?
There were far fewer positive CSF cultures in post-antibiotic LPs. In particular, N. meningitides was sterilized earlier than Strep. penumoniae or Group B Strep. meningitis. No N. meningitides CSF cultures were positive by 2 hours post-antibiotics.
Their conclusion was that negative cultures occurred in 44% of post-antibiotic LPs and only 8% of pre-antibiotic LPs. And that meningococcal meningitis is very quick to sterilize.
Who were the patients?
This was a retrospective cohort study across twenty Emergency Departments in US paediatric centres. Paediatric patients were identified through a coding diagnosis of bacterial meningitis or unspecified meningitis and a review of positive CSF cultures for bacteria.
How was bacterial meningitis defined for inclusion criteria?
CSF culture for positive for a bacterial pathogen; CSF WCC >=10 cells/microL with positive blood culture +/- positive CSF agglutination study results.
How many patients were included?
245 patients were included. 159 (65%) had the LP before antibiotic treatment, and 85 (35%) had the LP after antibiotic treatment.
Of those who had received treatment prior to LP, 24% had oral antibiotics, 69% had IV antibiotics, and 7% had both oral and IV antibiotics.
What did they find?
CSF culture results were significantly more likely to be negative after receiving antibiotics.
Four hours post-antibiotics:Â CSF WCC was not affected by the administration of antibiotics, but the CSF glucose was significantly higher, and the CSF protein was lower (although not significantly).
This was more marked (and more significant) 12 hours post-antibiotics.
What should we take from this?
I find it hard to draw any useful conclusions from the Benedict et al. study. There are three major flaws with it:
- Every patient had antibiotics before having their LP. There is no comparison for the group that had the LP first (apparently, there were none in this category) so to draw any conclusion about the effect of the antibiotics on the CSF results seems a stretch.
- Patients were actually excluded if their CSF had <5 cells/ml and the culture was negative. This seems to hugely skew the results. It could be that thousands of (excluded) patients had antibiotics before LP and that all their CSF samples showed no WCC and were culture-negative. This would vastly change the results. It’s also in adults, which makes it difficult to draw paediatric conclusions.
- The patients were split into viral and bacterial meningitis groups, and part of the way this decision was made was by looking at the CSF results.
But, it is fair to say that in the patient group they looked at, the CSF cultures were still positive even after antibiotic administration as long as it was within 4 hours. When there was an 8-hour gap post-antibiotics, none of the CSF cultures was positive.
All the studies were retrospective and relied on correct coding diagnosis. The retrospective nature also made it difficult to accurately assess the timing of lumbar puncture and antibiotics administration. Deciding the inclusion criteria for bacterial meningitis in a study about the effect on CSF results is fraught with difficulties.
Kanageye’s paper, however, does indicate that CSF culture results are affected by antibiotic administration (even within a couple of hours), so repeating the lumbar puncture the following day may well give false reassurance. Nigrovic’s paper reinforces this finding and adds that CSF glucose will increase, and CSF protein will decrease post-antibiotics (especially 12 hours post antibiotics).
Although the accuracy of the timing is potentially flawed, this is something to bear in mind. Often, in paediatrics, the LP is unsuccessful; the patient is treated anyway, and the LP will be repeated the following day. This can give falsely reassuring results.  Be wary of making decisions around the length or choice of antibiotic based on a post-antibiotic lumbar puncture.
References
Kanegaye JT, Soliemanzadeh P, Bradley JS. Lumbar puncture in pediatric bacterial meningitis: defining the time interval for recovery of cerebrospinal fluid pathogens after parenteral antibiotic pretreatment. Pediatrics. 2001 Nov;108(5):1169-74.