4-year-old Calvin received the best Christmas present ever – his very own trampoline! After spending the morning bouncing with his older brother, Iggy, he complained of pain in his left knee. The trampoline was safety-netted so his parents were happy that he couldn’t have fallen out and so, mystified that he still refuses to walk, he is brought into the emergency department.
Bottom line
Prevention is better than cure, so employ these trampoline rules:
Only one child on the trampoline at a time
Always have adult supervision
Make sure the trampoline is in good working order
Keep it away from walls and other potential hazards
How common are trampoline injuries?
Trampoline-related injuries are uncommon in adults. There were only 50 reported in Victoria between 2007 and 2013, with lower limb injuries being the most prevalent. 2200 children presented to Victorian emergency departments within a similar time frame. Victorian data demonstrated an 18% increase in multi-user injuries with an over-representation in children under four years old. With Christmas approaching and trampolines being on many children’s wish lists, the Victorian State Government has put out a press release to make parents more aware of the dangers.
Has legislation made any difference?
The Australian trampoline standard (AS 4989-2006) is a voluntary industry standard that recommends the protection of sharp edges, spring and frame padding. The Standards Australia Trampoline Committee is looking to make these standards mandatory.
Whilst injuries related to the makeup of the trampoline itself (i.e. spring and frame injuries), as well as fall injuries, have decreased, there has been an increase in injuries related to one or more users. The use of safety netting to stop kids from falling off has not been shown to decrease the number of injuries. Parents may be falsely reassured that they do not need to supervise their kids once enclosed.
How are these kids injured?
Injuries occur to:
- Multiple users
- Falls from the trampoline
- Impact with the frame or springs
Some of them fall into the structural framework of the apparatus, but they are more likely to bump into each other or sustain a lower limb injury due to a double bounce. If you want to look into the physics of the double-bounce, then read this riveting paper.
Are there any trampoline-specific injury patterns?
Lower limb injuries are more common than upper and subtle proximal tibial physeal fractures may be difficult to detect on initial x-rays and require a bone scan to make a delayed diagnosis. As the child bounces, often with another occupant, the knee hyperextends as is subjected to an axial load leading to a small torus or buckle fracture in the region of the physis. They may present with reluctance to walk after playing in the yard.
Some less common injury patterns include manubrio-sternal dislocations, vertebral artery dissection (due to cervical hyperextension and rotation), and atlantoaxial subluxation.
An X-ray revealed no obvious abnormality, even when the anterior tilt angle was considered. He was placed in an above-knee back-slab and referred to orthopaedic outpatients for evaluation. A bone scan performed a few days after the injury made the diagnosis of a small fracture more likely. There were no adverse sequelae of this delay in diagnosis.
References
3AW talk to Warwick Teague (@doctorwozza) – Director of Trauma at the RCH, Melbourne
