You are called to the post-natal wards to review an infant of a diabetic mother. He is Day 1 and has a BSL of 2.4 …
We all agree newborns are sweet, but what is the minimal sweetness we should accept? Many of our neonates are monitored for hypoglycaemia after birth, including but not limited to babies of diabetics, small babies, large babies and premature babies. This can represent up to 30% of our neonatal population. There is no published consensus regarding the threshold blood glucose level at which we should treat asymptomatic hypoglycaemia in neonates.
Many institutions in the UK and Australia are currently using 2.0 mmol/L (36mg/dL) as a cut-off, which is also included in the UK BAPM Guidelines. However, the RCH Guideline (commonly used at many Australian institutions) recommends 2.6 mmol/L (47 mg/dL) as the cut-off for treatment. Treatment can include buccal dextrose gel but may be more invasive, such as IV glucose infusions and tube feeding.
Part of the reason for the discrepancy was the lack of high-quality evidence surrounding what is “normal” blood sugar during the first hours of life and the risks of accepting a lower threshold. Until now…
What was the study design?
This was a multi-centre, randomised, non-inferiority trial. This means patients were randomly allocated to one of the two interventions, and the analysis plan was to determine that one intervention was no worse than the other.
Population
This was a trial including newborn babies who were at high risk for hypoglycaemia and would normally be routinely screened for low BMs after birth. Babies were included if they were >35 weeks gestation and their birth weight >2000g. Recruited babies were divided into four groups:
- Infants who were <10th centile for weight
- Infants who were >90th centile for weight
- Infants whose mothers were diabetic
- Late preterm infants
Of note, infants were excluded if they were unwell, had initial severe hypoglycaemia defined as <1.9 mmol/L, congenital abnormalities, or suspected inborn errors of metabolism/congenital hyperinsulinaemia.
Intervention
Threshold of 2.0 mmol/L (36mg/dL) for intervention for hypoglycaemia
Comparator
Threshold of 2.6 mmol/L (47 mg/dL) for intervention for hypoglycaemia
Outcome
The primary outcome was neurodevelopment. The infants were followed for 18 months, with a primary outcome of cognitive and motor development assessed with the Bayley-III-NL scale of infant and toddler development. The lower threshold was considered non-inferior if the Bayley score was < 7.5 points lower than the standard threshold for the hypoglycaemia group. This reflects a 1-month delay in development, which, in the trial protocol, the authors suggest as being a clinically important difference (however, there is no explanation as to how this was determined).
The Bayley scale is a developmental assessment tool designed to detect developmental delay. It has not been widely validated for its clinical application, so great caution should be taken when interpreting it as a clinical outcome.
Closer to the time of hypoglycaemia, the secondary outcomes were the number of glucose tests, treatment type (IV, NGT, or bottle), and duration of breastfeeding. These are all important patient-orientated outcomes, as they reduce interruptions in normal neonatal-maternal bonding and feeding.
How was the data analysed?
The study was designed to have 90% power for the primary outcome in the four subgroups.
Clinical situations don’t necessarily follow a script, and management decisions were made based on each individual newborn, making a per-protocol analysis very difficult to complete. The authors, therefore, only presented an intention-to-treat analysis. This does make it difficult to determine how many infants were managed according to their assigned protocol.
The Bayley assessment provided several scores (motor and cognitive), so the authors used more stringent confidence intervals (97.5%) to adjust for multiplicity (the increased chance of observing statistically significant differences due to analysing a greater number of results).
All things considered, this was an impressive effort to conduct a high-powered study, including subgroup analysis and with stringent adjustment for multiple outcome testing.
Results
A total of 689 newborns were included in the study, of which 341 were at the standard threshold of hypoglycaemia and 348 were at the lower threshold for treatment of hypoglycaemia. 582 infants were included in the final analysis, with 15.5% lost to follow-up at 18 months of age.
Primary outcome
In asymptomatic healthy newborns, a lower threshold for hypoglycaemia of <2.0mmol/L was non-inferior to standard <2.6mmol/L when comparing psychomotor development at 18 months. This was true across all four subgroups.
Secondary outcomes
- Fewer blood glucose measurements (9% less) were taken in the lower threshold group.
- Number needed to treat to save 1 neonate from IV glucose was 7.
- Number needed to treat to save 1 newborn from tube feeding was 12.
- Number needed to treat to save 1 neonate from supplementation feeding was 5.
- Episodes of hypoglycaemia (<2.6mmol/L) occurred in 57% neonate in lower threshold versus 47% in the traditional threshold group with a mean difference of 10% (95% confidence interval 2-17).
- Similar duration of stay between two groups.
- Two serious adverse events in the lower threshold group, both unlikely to be related to hypoglycaemia – one infant with HIE had seizures, and one infant died in infancy from a respiratory infection.
Limitations and considerations
A moderate number of children were lost to follow-up (15.5%); however, it is uncertain whether this is informative (related to the outcome, neurological development) and would influence the results.
The number of infants of diabetic mothers was lower than predicted, so results for this subgroup should be interpreted with caution (however, despite the wider confidence intervals, the limits are well within the non-inferiority margin)
The primary outcome was development at 18 months, so we can’t say for certain whether any longer-term impacts would be demonstrated. The Bayley score is a crude tool which may miss more subtle developmental problems.
Whilst this is a pragmatic, randomised study reflecting current practice at many institutions, the results should not be interpreted beyond their scope – care must be taken in assessing the cause of hypoglycaemia in newborns. Recurrent or severe hypoglycaemia should be managed aggressively, as should hypoglycaemia in children who are unwell or who have comorbidities which make them higher risk (inborn errors of metabolism, congenital hyperinsulinaemia etc).
You check your hospital protocol which suggested it’s safe to only intervene if the baby is otherwise well and BM >2.0. You advise he has another breastfeed, and his subsequent BMs are all >3.0. He is discharged the next day.
The bottom line
This study provides the highest quality of evidence to date regarding safe limits for intervention in neonates with moderate hypoglycaemia
The evidence suggests treating at a limit of 2.0 mmol/L (36mg/dL) in asymptomatic hypoglycaemia is non inferior to a limit of 2.6 mmol/L (47 mg/dL) in regards to neurological development
Hypoglycaemia must be assessed in context, and these results would not apply to unwell or symptomatic neonates, those with recurrent or severe hypoglycaemia, those with uncertain cause for hypoglycaemia, or those at higher risk due to inborn errors of metabolism or congenital hyperinsulinemia.
The best strategy is to avoid hypoglycaemia – get babies feeding early, keep them warm, and screen them at risk.
The correct threshold for intervention in hypoglycaemia is important to reduce the risks to infants, reduce the number of blood tests, episodes of overtreatment, separation from parents and interruption to establishing suck feeding.
References
BAPM guidelines for neonatal hypoglycaemia
Royal Womens Hospital Melbourne guidelines for neonatal hypoglycaemia
Queensland District guideline for neonatal hypoglycaemia
https://www.health.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0019/142156/g-hypogly.pdf